FUNCTIONAL English 1st Semester Notes By Muhibb Ali Raza

📚 Outline: What’s Inside This PDF?

1. Lecture 1: Active and Passive Voice

   • Meaning of voice

   • Rules to convert active into passive

   • Passive structures for all tenses

2. Lecture 2–4: Direct & Indirect Speech

   • Definition and types

   • Rules for converting statements, questions, imperatives, and exclamations

3. Lecture 5–6: Parts of Speech (Noun & Pronoun)

   • Eight parts explained

   • Classes, gender, number, and kinds of nouns

   • Types and usages of pronouns

4. Lecture 7: Adjectives

   • Types, degrees, and usage

   • Attributive vs. predicative adjectives

5. Lecture 8: Adverbs

   • Types, questions they answer

   • Adverbs as words, phrases, and clauses

6. Lecture 9: Verbs

   • Types: Transitive, Intransitive, Stative, Auxiliary

   • Forms and usage in sentences

7. Lecture 10: Conjunctions

   • FANBOYS and subordinating connectors

   • Correlative and paired conjunctions

8. Lecture 11: Clauses

   • Independent vs. dependent

   • Noun, adjective, and adverb clauses

9. Lecture 12: Sentences

   • Sentence types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, optative

   • Subject and predicate structure

10. Lecture 13–14: Punctuation

    • Usage of comma, semicolon, colon, apostrophe

    • Practical examples for clarity

11. Lecture 15: Articles

    • A, an, the: uses and rules

    • Definite vs. indefinite articles

Functional English notes Full Preview

✍️ Summary of Functional English Notes 1st Semester 

Functional English 1st Semester Notes by Muhibb Ali Raza provide an in-depth yet accessible guide for learners aiming to master foundational grammar concepts in English. These notes are crafted according to the university syllabus and serve as a one-stop resource for academic excellence.

Lecture 1 begins with the concept of voice in grammar, emphasizing how a verb’s form shows whether the subject performs or receives the action. It thoroughly details Active and Passive Voice, including rules for converting between them. Practical structures are given for all present, past, and future tenses, including imperative and interrogative sentences, making this section ideal for understanding sentence transformations.

Lectures 2 to 4 delve into Direct and Indirect Speech, a core topic in English grammar. The author explains the difference between reporting exact words (direct) and reporting the essence (indirect). Tense changes, pronoun adjustments using the SON formula, and rules for transforming questions, requests, and exclamations are provided in a structured format. These rules are crucial for writing and spoken English.

Lecture 5 introduces the “Parts of Speech”, breaking them into eight categories. A comprehensive explanation of nouns and their types—such as proper, common, material, abstract, collective, and compound—is provided. It covers cases (subjective, objective, possessive), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), and number (singular/plural), which are essential building blocks for any sentence.

Lecture 6 covers pronouns, their functions, and kinds—subject, object, reflexive, emphatic, possessive, demonstrative, and interrogative. Clear usage examples help in understanding how pronouns prevent repetition and enhance sentence flow.

Lecture 7 shifts to adjectives, describing their types and degrees (positive, comparative, superlative). The notes distinguish between attributive (before noun) and predicative (after verb) usage and elaborate on how adjectives add depth to nouns and pronouns in a sentence.

Lecture 8 focuses on adverbs, showing how they describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. It outlines seven types, such as adverbs of time, place, manner, frequency, degree, and interrogative forms. Examples are offered in sentence context to ensure clarity.

Lecture 9 explores verbs, including their forms and classifications—transitive, intransitive, causative, stative, and auxiliary. The notes distinguish between action and state, making verb usage clearer for learners.

Lecture 10 addresses conjunctions, focusing on coordinate (FANBOYS), subordinate, and correlative types. It explains how conjunctions link words, phrases, or clauses to form cohesive thoughts and avoid fragmented writing.

Lecture 11 elaborates on clauses, differentiating between independent and dependent clauses, and discussing noun, adjective, and adverb clauses. Each type is defined with examples to demonstrate how clauses function as sentence components.

Lecture 12 categorizes sentences based on purpose—assertive, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, and optative. It explains subject and predicate relationships, which is essential for proper sentence construction.

Lectures 13 and 14 dive into punctuation rules, including the comma, semicolon, colon, and apostrophe. These tools guide tone, meaning, and fluency in writing. Each rule is supplemented with real-life examples and exceptions, making learning more practical.

Finally, Lecture 15 covers the use of articles (a, an, the). The rules for definite and indefinite articles are explained with examples and exceptions (e.g., “a European country”). It also shows article usage based on sound, not spelling, a key detail often overlooked.

This resource is an excellent study guide for students, especially those in their first semester of university, and teachers looking for a reliable teaching reference. It’s not only useful for exam preparation but also improves communication, writing, and analytical skills in English.